Math Symbols in HTML

This page explains how to place various mathematical characters into HTML documents. An older version of this document is available here. The symbols have been grouped into the following categories:

Update (19 Mar 2007): Additional character entities

INTRODUCTION
There are several ways to add these symbols to your pages. I will omit consideration of symbols which appear on the keyboard unless, like &, they have a special HTML meaning. Of course, for any symbol, a .gif image can be created and the image displayed using the <img> tag. I will omit consideration of this strategy as well. In the tables below three codes will be given for displaying a character: the HTML numerical code, a code that can be placed between a FONT FACE tag, and a special HTML literal code (where available).

Well, how do you use this stuff? The following samples illustrate the use of each code method. To place a symbol in an HTML page or an email message (readable using a web browser) copy and paste the appropriate code into the file (or message) where you want the symbol.

HTML NUMERIC CODE example: to make a left curly bracket {, type &#123;.

FONT FACE TAG example: to write xÎA, type x<FONT FACE="Symbol">&#206;</FONT>A.

HTML LITERAL CODE example: to make a degree symbol °, type &deg;.

One more thing. To form superscripts or subscripts use the <SUP> or <SUB> tags.