This page explains how to place various mathematical characters into HTML documents. An older version of this document is available here. The symbols have been grouped into the following categories:
Operation Symbols |
Relation Symbols |
Arrows and Brackets |
Greek Symbols |
Miscellaneous Symbols |
Update (19 Mar 2007): Additional character
entities
INTRODUCTION
There are several ways to add these
symbols to your pages. I will omit consideration of symbols which appear on the
keyboard unless, like &, they have a special HTML meaning. Of course, for
any symbol, a .gif image can be created and the image displayed using the
<img> tag. I will omit consideration of this strategy as well. In the
tables below three codes will be given for displaying a character: the HTML
numerical code, a code that can be placed between a FONT FACE tag, and a special
HTML literal code (where available).
One more thing. To form superscripts or subscripts use the <SUP> or <SUB> tags.
WARNING: Sometimes the numeric code for a symbol is the same as used within FONT FACE tags, but sometimes it's different. For example, \ produces \ while <FONT FACE="Symbol">\</FONT> produces \. Also, while the codes appear to have become "standard" it is possible that some browser will not support certain characters. This will most likely be a problem when using the FONT FACE method.
BROWSER TEST: To view symbols with numeric codes above 255 and perhaps
some literal code symbols the browser character encoding must be set to
unicode (UTF-8). If the following string of symbols cannot be read, the
browser setting needs to be changed.
Upwards arrow (Numeric code: ↑, Literal
code: ↑), intersection (Numeric code: ∩, Literal code: ∩)
NAME | SYMBOL | NUMERIC CODE |
FONT FACE="Symbol" Code | LITERAL CODE |
---|---|---|---|---|
For all |
|
∀ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">"</FONT> | ∀ |
There exist |
|
∃ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">$</FONT> | ∃ |
Not |
|
¬ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ø</FONT> | ¬ |
And (meet) |
|
∧ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ù</FONT> | ∧ |
Or (join) |
|
∨ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ú</FONT> | ∨ |
Intersection |
|
∩ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ç</FONT> | ∩ |
Union |
|
∪ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">È</FONT> | ∪ |
Plus or minus |
|
± | <FONT FACE="Symbol">±</FONT> | ± |
Times |
|
× | <FONT FACE="Symbol">´</FONT> | × |
Partial derivative |
|
∂ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">¶</FONT> | ∂ |
Solid dot |
|
∙ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">·</FONT> | None |
Middle dot |
|
· | <FONT FACE="Symbol">×</FONT> | · |
Circle times |
|
⊗ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ä</FONT> | ⊗ |
Circle plus |
|
⊕ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Å</FONT> | ⊕ |
Division |
|
÷ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">¸</FONT> | ÷ |
Big product |
|
∏ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Õ</FONT> | ∏ |
Big sum |
|
∑ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">å</FONT> | ∑ |
Square root |
|
√ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ö</FONT> | √ |
Integral |
|
∫ |
|
∫ |
NAME | SYMBOL | NUMERIC CODE |
FONT FACE="Symbol" Code | LITERAL CODE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Contains the element |
|
∍ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">'</FONT> | None |
Is a member of |
|
∈ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Î</FONT> | ∈ |
Is not a member of |
|
∉ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ï</FONT> | ∉ |
Less than |
|
< |
|
< |
Greater than |
|
> |
|
> |
Isomorphism |
|
≅ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">@</FONT> | ≅ |
Perpendicular |
|
⊥ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">^</FONT> | ⊥ |
Vertical bar |
|
| | <FONT FACE="Symbol">|</FONT> | None |
Vertical line |
|
None | <FONT FACE="Symbol">½</FONT> | None |
Less than or equal |
|
≤ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">£</FONT> | ≤ |
Greater than or equal |
|
≥ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">³</FONT> | ≥ |
Not equal to |
|
≠ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">¹</FONT> | ≠ |
Equivalent to |
|
≡ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">º</FONT> | ≡ |
Approximately |
|
≈ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">»</FONT> | ≈ |
Similar to |
|
∼ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">~</FONT> | ∼ |
Empty set |
|
∅ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Æ</FONT> | ∅ |
Contains properly |
|
⊃ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">É</FONT> | ⊃ |
Contains |
|
⊇ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ê</FONT> | ⊇ |
Not included in |
|
⊄ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ë</FONT> | ⊄ |
Proper subset of |
|
⊂ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ì</FONT> | ⊂ |
Subset of |
|
⊆ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Í</FONT> | ⊆ |
NAME | SYMBOL | NUMERIC CODE |
FONT FACE="Symbol" Code | LITERAL CODE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Left brace |
|
[ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">[</FONT> | None |
Right brace |
|
] | <FONT FACE="Symbol">]</FONT> | None |
Left angle bracket |
|
None | <FONT FACE="Symbol"><</FONT> | None |
Right angle bracket |
|
None | <FONT FACE="Symbol">></FONT> | None |
Left curley bracket |
|
{ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">{</FONT> | None |
Right curley bracket |
|
} | <FONT FACE="Symbol">}</FONT> | None |
Double arrow |
|
↔ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">«</FONT> | ↔ |
Left arrow |
|
← | <FONT FACE="Symbol">¬</FONT> | ← |
Up arrow |
|
↑ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">­</FONT> | ↑ |
Right arrow |
|
→ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">®</FONT> | → |
Down arrow |
|
↓ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">¯</FONT> | ↓ |
Double big arrow |
|
⇔ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Û</FONT> | ⇔ |
Double left arrow |
|
⇐ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ü</FONT> | ⇐ |
Double up arrow |
|
⇑ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ý</FONT> | ⇑ |
Double right arrow |
|
⇒ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Þ</FONT> | ⇒ |
Double down arrow |
|
⇓ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">ß</FONT> | ⇓ |
Ellipsis |
|
… | <FONT FACE="Symbol">¼</FONT> | … |
Left angle quote |
|
« |
|
« |
Right angle quote |
|
» |
|
» |
NAME | SYMBOL | NUMERIC CODE |
FONT FACE="Symbol" Code | LITERAL CODE |
---|---|---|---|---|
alpha |
|
α | <FONT FACE="Symbol">a</FONT> | α |
beta |
|
β | <FONT FACE="Symbol">b</FONT> | β |
gamma |
|
γ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">g</FONT> | γ |
delta |
|
δ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">d</FONT> | δ |
epsilon |
|
ε | <FONT FACE="Symbol">e</FONT> | ε |
zeta |
|
ζ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">z</FONT> | ζ |
eta |
|
η | <FONT FACE="Symbol">h</FONT> | η |
theta |
|
θ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">q</FONT> | θ |
iota |
|
ι | <FONT FACE="Symbol">i</FONT> | ι |
kappa |
|
κ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">k</FONT> | κ |
lambda |
|
λ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">l</FONT> | λ |
mu |
|
μ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">m</FONT> | μ |
nu |
|
ν | <FONT FACE="Symbol">n</FONT> | ν |
xi |
|
ξ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">x</FONT> | ξ |
omicron |
|
ο | <FONT FACE="Symbol">o</FONT> | ο |
pi |
|
π | <FONT FACE="Symbol">p</FONT> | π |
rho |
|
ρ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">r</FONT> | ρ |
sigma |
|
σ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">s</FONT> | σ |
tau |
|
τ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">t</FONT> | τ |
upsilon |
|
υ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">u</FONT> | υ |
phi |
|
φ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">j</FONT> | φ |
chi |
|
χ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">c</FONT> | χ |
psi |
|
ψ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">y</FONT> | ψ |
omega |
|
ω | <FONT FACE="Symbol">w</FONT> | ω |
NAME | SYMBOL | NUMERIC CODE |
FONT FACE="Symbol" Code | LITERAL CODE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blank space |
|
None | <FONT FACE="Symbol"> </FONT> | |
Number sign |
|
None | <FONT FACE="Symbol">#</FONT> | None |
Percent |
|
% | <FONT FACE="Symbol">%</FONT> | None |
Ampersand |
|
& | <FONT FACE="Symbol">&</FONT> | & |
Prime |
|
′ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">¢</FONT> | ′ |
Double prime |
|
″ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">²</FONT> | ″ |
Quote |
|
None | <FONT FACE="Symbol">²</FONT> | " |
Therefore |
|
∴ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">\</FONT> | ∴ |
Upper bar |
|
None | <FONT FACE="Symbol">`</FONT> | None |
Infinity |
|
∞ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">¥</FONT> | ∞ |
Degree |
|
° | <FONT FACE="Symbol">°</FONT> | ° |
Long dash |
|
None | <FONT FACE="Symbol">¾</FONT> | None |
Aleph |
|
ℵ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">À</FONT> | ℵ |
Angle sign |
|
∠ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ð</FONT> | ∠ |
Upside-down triangle |
|
∇ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ñ</FONT> | ∇ |
One-half |
|
½ |
|
½ |
Cent sign |
|
¢ |
|
¢ |
Registered sign |
|
® | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ò</FONT> | ® |
Copyright sign |
|
© | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ó</FONT> | © |
Trademark sign |
|
™ | <FONT FACE="Symbol">Ô</FONT> | ™ |