mv²/r=kze²/r²  or (mvr)v=kze²  or Lv=kze²

E_k =mv² /2  =kze² /2r  

E_p =-kze² /r =-mv²

TE =-kze² /2r =-mv² /2 =-mk²z²e⁴   /2L² .

Differentiating, d(TE) =(mk²z²e⁴   /L³ )dL=(mv²L² /L³)dL=mv²dL/L =hν=h/T=hv/2πr  or mvr*dL/L  = h/2π or dL=h/2π

or L=nh/2π

The essential part of derivation was d(TE)/dL =2πν=2π / T = ω = angular velocity  and TE/L =-(1/2) v/r =-ω /2

We can also put 2TE*L²  =constant, differentiating and equating to zero, we get

ΔTE*L² +2L ΔL *TE=0   or  ΔTE / ΔL =-2TE/L=v/r =√(kze²/m)*r - 3/2

 Mass, charge being known, out of (L , TE, v, r ) you fix the value of any one, and can get value of other 3 by using 2 blue equations)

We find that quantum mechanically TE/L=v/r and not v/2r,

TE=hν =h/T =hv/2π r=h/2π*(v/r)=h*(v/r)=L*(v/r)

or TE/L =v/r

v²r =kQq/m_e  or ν²r³ =kQq/4π²m_e  or ν²V =(1/3)kQq/πm_e where V is the volume of sphere  with radius r and ν is frequency of revolution. These are classically derived results. Taking Q=ze=1*e,   ν²V =(1/3π)*K*e*(e/m_e) =26.83

We also get L=√(mKZ) √r *e

Another way to look at the above problem :

In gravitation as well as in Bohr orbits, the treatment is similar and classical. In gravitational orbits, we know the radius r and hence calculate the total energy and angular momentum which are constants since there is conservation law for both. But in Bohr orbit , we go the other way round and first fix the angular momentum and then calculate speed from LV formula and radius  etc and finally total energy. We invoke the Heisenberg uncertainty principle Δp Δx =nh  or L=  pr =nh  and then proceed. By making the orbital velocity constant via radius which is also a constant , we eliminate the problem of accelerating charge and consequent energy loss due to radiation. To elaborate , in uniform circular motion, speed is constant but not the direction of velocity. This change of direction produces acceleration  which is v²/r. A charge when accelerated looses energy by radiation which results in reduction of radius till the charge falls on the nucleus. To eliminate this, Bohr proposed zero acceleration which means the velocity both magnitude and direction to remain same throughout, which implies Δr =0

 Bijan's Derivation:

In the above derivation, we have equated centripetal force with electrostatic force. Actually, the force exerted on a moving electron is not the coulomb force and moreover electro dynamic force is not a conservative force where as Coulomb force is conservative. Immediate consequence of this is non conservation of angular momentum which is contrary to our assumption. Moreover, both charge and mass are mixed up . We adopt a pure gravitational approach here.

In gravitation, when the planet revolves in a closed circular orbit (which is a special case of elliptical orbits and the same is taken as per Bohr assumption), the force is conservative, KE is equal to the TE with sign changed, and Potential energy is numerically 2 times the kinetic energy .

So KE= constant

PE=-2KE =-mv² =-mv*v=mv*(2πr/T)=-(mvr)*(2π/T) =-(mvr)*(2πν)

Since PE is constant times the TE in a circular orbit, conservation of TE implies conservation of PE.

So PE=const and (mvr)*(2πν) =const .

mvr=(const/2π)*(1/ν)=C*(1/ν). The constant ,say C should have the dimension of energy or negative energy if we define -sign suitably.

If const=C=(nhν/2π)=E/2π,

mvr=constant=nh/2π

Here conservation of Angular momentum follows from conservation of potential energy PE=-2nhν=constant and conservation of TE=- nhν

In a closed circular orbit, there are 4 parameters  TE, L , r , v . At every point in the orbit, TE and L are conserved. Also r, v are conserved in magnitude but not in direction, However rv is conserved both in magnitude as well as in direction which implies that r, v are in a fixed plane. Out of the 4 parameters, we can assign (classically) any arbitrary value to any one of the parameters and the other 3 can be expressed in terms of this parameter.

case 1: Assign any value to L

v=kze²/L       r=L²/kze²m      E=-(kze²)² m  /(2L²)

acceleration=a=v²/r=(kze²)³m /L⁴ ;Putting L=h , we get a=v²/r=(kze²)³m /h⁴  ;

case 2: Assign any value to E

L=√m*kze²/√(-2E)       v= √(-2E) /√m     r=(kze²) /(-2E)

acceleration=a=v²/r=4E² /kze²m ; Putting -2E=(kze²)²m /L² = (kze²)²m /h² ; a=(kze²)³m /h⁴  ;

case 3: Assign any value to v

L=kze²/v    r = (kze²) /(mv²)    E=- mv²/2

acceleration=a=v²/r=mv⁴ /kze²; Putting v=(kze²) /L = (kze²)/h ; a=(kze²)³m /h⁴  ;

case 4: Assign any value to r

v= √(kze²) /√(mr)    L=√(kze²mr)     E=kze²/2r

acceleration=a=v²/r=kze² /mr²; Putting r=L²/(kze²)m  = (kze²)/h ; a=(kze²)³m /h⁴  ;

Since circle is a special case of ellipse, In elliptical orbits which are generalized cases, case 3and 4 are not applicable since v,r change from point to point. However, in elliptical orbits, conservation of E does not automatically ensure conservation of L or vice versa. A third component is to conserved for conservation of both E and L If we start from E, conservation of eccentricity e is essential for conservation of L. If we start from L, we observe that a , e need not be individually conserved for L bur a*√(1-e²) =b should be conserved. But for conservation of E, a only should be conserved. Hence for both, a and e should be individually conserved.

* To find out value of r, v, TE,λ

Lv=kze²  or (nh/2π)v= kze²  or v=2πkze² /nh = z*( 2πkze²/h)*(1/n)=z*α /n

r= kze² / mv² or r =n²h²  / 4π²mkze²

TE=-mv² /2 =-2π²mk²z²e⁴   /n²h²

ΔTE=hc/ λ =(2π²mk²z²e⁴/h²) [1/n₁²  - 1/n₂²]

or 1/λ =(2π²mk²z²e⁴/ch³) [1/n₁²  - 1/n₂²]=(2π²mk²e⁴/ch³) [1/n₁²  - 1/n₂²] when z=1

or 1/λ =R [1/n₁²  - 1/n₂²]  where R=(2π²mk²z²e⁴/ch³)

Comparison between Circular Orbit in Gravitation & Bohr Orbit :

Gravitation Circular Orbit                                                                                          Bohr Orbit

(1) TE=- GMm/2r                                                                                                       TE=-KQq/2r

(2)PE= - GMm/r                                                                                                          PE=-KQq/r

(3)KE=  GMm/2r                                                                                                         KE=KQq/2r

(4)L =m √(GM/r) r                                                                                                      L =m √(KQq/mr) r

        =√m √m √(GM) √r                                                                                                  =√m √q √(KQ) √r

(5)P =  m √(GM/r)                                                                                                       P =  m √(KQq/mr)

         = √m √m √(GM/r)                                                                                                  = √m √q √(KQ/r)

(6) (1/2)mv² gives unit of KE                                                                                     (1/2)qv² gives unit of KE

(7)Dimensionally G=L³T^-2/M  = L²T^-2*(L/M)                                                        K=ML³T^-2  / Q² ={L/(Q²/M)} L²T^-2

     Or G/c² =L/M                                                                                                        K/c² =L/(Q²/M)

     LHS of the order of 10^-27                                                                                     LHS of the order of  10^-7 ;

(G/c²) *(K/c²) is of the order of 10^-34  which is same as h and if we further multiply by √2, becomes almost equal to h up to 2 decimal points.

(8)TE * L² =-(1/2)mG²Z1²m⁴                                                                                  TE * L² =-(1/2)mK²Z²e⁴   (Z,Z1 are integers)

(9)

We observe that the energy formulation is similar for gravitation and bohr orbit.  But there is a difference in the formulation of angular and linear momentum marked by red. In bohr orbit, one mass is substituted by charge.

	gravity	electrostatics	value gravity	value electrostatics	gravity*electrostatics	gravity*electrostatics
L2	[hG/c3]	[hK/c3]	2.6122963*10-70	0.0352259*10-48	[h2GK/c6]	0.0920204*10-118
L	√[hG/c3]	√[hK/c3]	1.61626*10-35	0.1876859*10-24	√[h2GK/c6]	0.3033486*10-59
M2	[hc/G]	[hc/K]	4.736942*10-16	0.0351285*10-34	(h2c2/GK)	0.1664016*10-50
M	√[hc/G]	√[hc/K]	2.1764517*10-8	0.187426*10-17	√(h2c2/GK)	0.4079235*10-25
L2/M2	G2 /c4	K2 /c4	0.551473*10-54	1.0027751*10-14	G2K2/c8	0.5530018*10-68
L/M	G /c2	K /c2	0.7426123*10-27	1.0013866*10-7	GK/c4	0.7436409*10-34
(L/M)gravity / (L/M)electro	G/K	L is length, M is mass	0.0741584*10-19
Mem/Mgravity			0.0861153*10-9
(L/M3)combined	G2 K2 /h2c6		4.4689526*1016

* To find dimension of the atom

From de broglie hypothesis, λ = h/p = h/mv

We know that when a string of length l  is tied to a rigid support at both ends and is stretched, it vibrates in such a manner so that the nodes are at both ends and the condition that is satisfied is sin (2πl/λ) =0 or  2πl/λ =nπ where n is any integer for standing wave to be formed.

 λ = 2l/n or l=n (λ/2)

Hence, 2l/n=h/mv or p= nh/2l Taking l=2πr, we get 4πr =nh/mv or mvr=nh/4π

E=p²/2m = n²h²/8ml² .....(a). This is the total energy of a vibrating particle trapped in a box of length l.

But E=2π²mk²z²e⁴   /n²h²   ....(b)   ;

So equating (a) & (b), we get   l=n²h²  /4πmkze²

whose dimension is of the order of 10^-10 m.If in the Bohr equation, we substitute mass of electron by mass of neutron, the dimension comes to the order of 10^-14m   which is roughly the size of nucleus.

* To prove mvr=nh/2π from de broglie wavelength

We already know that the condition for standing wave in case of a stretched string of length l tied rigidly to both ends is

l=n (λ/2)

de Broglie considered the circumference of Bohr's circular orbit as a string of length l=2πr where standing waves are formed. He assumed that these are not ordinary waves but matter waves of energy E=pc where p is the momentum & E = hc/λ . This follows from Einstein's Special theory of relativity E=√(m₀²c⁴ +p²c²). For entities with zero rest mass E=pc

Equating E from both cases, λ=h/p

Here de broglie enters the scenrio , where he postulated the symmetry between mass less entities and entities having non-zero rest mass and extended the concept to λ=h/p where p=mv for these entities. Hence , this was a postulate and conclusion was not reached through derivation.

Now, l= nh/(2mv) or 2πr= nh/(2mv) or mvr=nh / 4π. or angular momentum = h/4π, 2h/4π,3h/4π, .......

de Broglie assumed l=n λ . Why ???

possible explanation is that when matter is converted to energy, there is equal contribution of matter and anti-matter.

Hence anti-matter also contributes anti-matter angular momentum=  h/4π, 2h/4π,3h/4π, .......

Hence total angular momentum of matter wave=  h/2π, 2h/2π,3h/2π, .......nh/2π or mvr=nh/2π (this is not in any text book but my assumption)

* de broglie wavelength is velocity dependant whereas compton wavelength is not velocity dependant.

Why an electric field is not produced  outside a current carrying conductor ? It depends upon what type of current is flowing through the conductor. Suppose a constant current is flowing. Take any cross section of the wire.

the amount of charge leaving the cross section=the amount of charge entering the cross section. So the whole wire is electrically neutral and no electric field is produced. But consider a circuit with AC source.

that variable current will produce variable magnetic field. If you will examine it carefully, electric field and magnetic field will be produced perpendicularly to each other and will be variable of course. So, now this will become the source of Electromagnetic Wave. Because when changing electric field and changing magnetic field is produced at a point simultaneously and perpendicular to each other, the electromagnetic wave is generated which will move in the direction perpendicular to Electric and magnetic field. To be specific, the direction of wave is given by the cross product of E and B.